Unidirectional Tapes Market - Forecast(2024 - 2030)

Report Code: CMR 12649 Report Format: PDF + Excel

Unidirectional Tapes Market Overview

Unidirectional Tapes Market is projected to reach a value of USD $786.9 million by the year 2030 at a CAGR of 9.75% during the forecast period 2024-2030. Unidirectional (UD) Tapes can be defined as a set of composite materials where the fibers are oriented into a single direction. UD Tapes are usually manufactured using resins like polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether ketone ketone (PEKK), Polyamides and so on. These resins can either be Thermoplastic, which can form reversible bonds with the substrate, or Thermoset, which form permanent bonds that are irreversible. The most commonly used fibers in UD Tapes are carbon fibers and glass fibers although other fibers, like aramid fibres, are used as well. The largest adopter of unidirectional (UD) tapes is the Aerospace and Defense Industry. UD tapes can perform at very high temperatures, are rigid and have high strength. Along with that they’re also used in the oil & gas industry as well as in automotive & transportation.

Aerospace and automotive sectors continue to drive significant demand for unidirectional tapes. These tapes are favored for their lightweight properties, which help reduce fuel consumption in aircraft and enhance fuel efficiency in vehicles. As the aerospace and automotive industries strive for increased performance and fuel efficiency, the demand for unidirectional tapes is expected to rise. Sustainability has become a key focus across industries, including the materials sector. Unidirectional tapes offer advantages in terms of reducing overall material consumption and enabling lightweight designs, which contribute to lower carbon emissions during transportation and operation. Manufacturers are increasingly adopting sustainable practices in the production of unidirectional tapes to meet the growing demand for environmentally friendly solutions.

Market snapshot :-

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Report Coverage

The report: “Unidirectional Tapes Market – Forecast (2024-2030)”, by IndustryARC, covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the Unidirectional Tapes Market.
By Resin: Thermoplastic Resins and Thermoset Resins
By Fiber: Carbon Fiber, Glass Fiber, Ceramic Fiber, Others
By End-Use Industry: Aerospace & Defense (Commercial, Military, and Others), Automotive & Transportation, Oil & Gas, Industrial, Others
By Geography: North America (USA, Canada, and Mexico), Europe (UK, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Russia, Belgium, and Rest of Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand, Indonesia, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Rest of APAC), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Rest of South America), Rest of the World (Middle East, and Africa)


Key Takeaways

  • The aerospace & defense industry holds the largest share of the unidirectional tapes market, driven by the quick production time of structures and components using UD tapes. This is crucial for manufacturing aircraft seat frames, business jet wings, and sandwich panels, contributing to a CAGR of 13.8% over the forecast period.
  • Automotive segment commands a substantial share due to its diverse applications including the rear wall, interiors, body & chassis, battery compartment, and other lightweight elements for electric and high-performance vehicles. UD tapes offer a significant weight reduction (70% lighter than metals) without compromising durability or sustainability.
  • While the sports & leisure segment uses UD tapes, its share is relatively small compared to aerospace & defense and automotive sectors. The usage primarily focuses on bicycle frames and recreational equipment such as hockey, lacrosse, and hiking sticks to enhance stiffness and winding purposes
  • Besides aerospace, automotive, and sports, unidirectional tapes find applications across diverse industries including oil and gas, medical, and warehousing and logistics. The use of various polymer matrices enhances structural rigidity and strength, driving demand across these sectors.
  • Fiber reinforcements using polymer matrices like polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyethylene, and polypropylene contribute to the structural integrity and strength of unidirectional tapes across multiple industries, further boosting product demand.

 
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Unidirectional Tapes Market Segment Analysis – By Resin

Thermoplastic part is at the forefront of the worldwide Unidirectional Tapes (UD) market because it has strong properties like being really tough, lasting a long time, and being able to handle high temperatures. It's also good at resisting humidity. Moreover, because the car industry is growing and there's a bigger need for lightweight parts, along with its use in electronics and transportation, the thermoplastic segment is expected to grow more in the future.

Unidirectional Tapes Market Segment Analysis – By Fiber

In 2023, Carbon Fibers held a dominant market share of 69.1%, driven by its versatile applications in automotive vehicles, protective equipment, and utility services. Its lightweight, strong, and rigid properties make it a preferred choice in various industries. Glass Fiber, on the other hand, experienced rapid growth with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16.8%. Glass fibers are valued for their high tensile strength and lower weight compared to steel wires, making them suitable for structural composites and specialty items like watercraft, airplanes, and rockets. Glass fiber's flexibility and easy processability contribute to its popularity in applications requiring a high degree of flexibility, such as inserts for injection molding, tailored blanks, and backpack straps. The cost-effectiveness of glass fiber-based unidirectional tapes further enhances its appeal in the market. Besides carbon and glass fibers, other materials like aramid fibers, boron fibers, basalt fibers, and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) fibers can be used to manufacture unidirectional tapes. Boron fibers, for instance, offer excellent impact resistance to heat and chemicals, and they are commonly produced using a chemical vapor deposition technique. In summary, the fiber market is diverse, with each material offering specific advantages based on its properties and applications. While carbon fibers dominate due to their lightweight and rigidity, glass fibers are rapidly growing due to their flexibility and cost-effectiveness. Other fibers like boron, aramid, basalt, and UHMW PE also play significant roles in various industrial sectors.

Unidirectional Tapes Market Segment Analysis – By End-Use Industry

In 2023, the aerospace & defense industry held the largest share of the unidirectional tapes market, with further growth expected at a CAGR of 16.8% over the forecast period. The use of UD (unidirectional) tapes in aerospace applications is driven by the reduced production time for structures and components, contributing to faster manufacturing of aircraft parts such as seat frames, wings, and sandwich panels. The automotive sector also commands a significant share of the market, employing UD tapes in various applications such as car interiors, body & chassis components, battery compartments, and lightweight elements for electric and high-performance vehicles. UD tapes offer a remarkable weight reduction of 70% compared to metals while maintaining durability and sustainability. In contrast, the sports & leisure segment, while smaller in share, utilizes UD tapes primarily in bicycle frames and recreational equipment like hockey, lacrosse, and hiking sticks to enhance stiffness and winding purposes. Other industries such as oil and gas, medical, and warehousing and logistics also leverage unidirectional tapes for structural reinforcement. These tapes are reinforced with various polymer matrices including polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyethylene, and polypropylene, providing rigidity and strength to applications in these sectors. In summary, the versatility of UD tapes spans across multiple industries, offering lightweight, durable, and sustainable solutions for various structural and component needs, thereby driving their demand across aerospace, automotive, sports & leisure, and other sectors.

Unidirectional Tapes Market Segment Analysis – By Geography

In 2023, North America emerged as the dominant market for unidirectional tapes, capturing a revenue share of 36%. The robust aerospace and automobile manufacturing industries in the United States, along with the increasing demand for lightweight vehicles, drove this dominance. The region's aerospace sector, in particular, has a significant influence on the demand for unidirectional tapes due to their applications in aircraft components. Looking ahead, the demand for unidirectional tapes in Europe is projected to grow at a CAGR of 18.9% over the forecast period. This growth is fueled by major investments in research and development by automakers to engineer lightweight automotive components. The goal is to substantially reduce vehicle weight, which in turn increases the demand for lightweight bonding materials like unidirectional tapes. Additionally, the rapid advancement of electric vehicle production in Europe is poised to further boost the demand for bonding materials, including unidirectional tapes. In summary, both North America and Europe are witnessing significant growth opportunities for unidirectional tapes driven by the aerospace and automotive industries' emphasis on lightweight materials and the increasing adoption of electric vehicles. These trends are expected to shape the market landscape and drive demand for unidirectional tapes in the coming years.

Unidirectional Tapes Market – Drivers

Recyclability & Reusability Glass Fiber Reinforcement: -

Glass Fiber Unidirectional Tapes are considered to be one of the best options in the market due to its recyclability and reusability factor. It is a far better eco-friendly material composites in comparison to carbon fiber and many industries are now looking to adopt this alternative as a means to reduce carbon footprint. Glass Fiber Reinforcements can be recycled to make Fiber-reinforced concrete which are being adopted more due to its mechanical and durability properties. Glass Fiber can also be reused in gypsum blocks to improve anti-cracking and operation performance of the material.

Lightweight Form Factor of Unidirectional Tapes: -

Both Carbon Fiber and Glass Fiber reinforcement is considerably lighter and more durable than alternative materials like aluminium and steel as mentioned above. Many industries like the Automotive and Transportation Industry are adopting Unidirectional Tapes as an alternative for their structural materials and composites and to achieve better fuel efficiency. According to Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), the total number of automotive units produced in the year 2023 was a total of 97.3 million. There is a growing demand for lightweight vehicles, not only in the Automotive & Transportation Industry but also in the Aerospace & Defense Industry. This demand will only prove to be a driver for Unidirectional (UD) Tapes.

Unidirectional Tapes Market – Challenges

High Cost of manufacture of Carbon Fiber Reinforcement: - 

While Carbon Fiber reinforcement may be lighter and more durable, it is also much more expensive to manufacture. Carbon Fiber Unidirectional (UD) Tapes cost much more in terms of processing, and it also comes across problems with recyclability. Research and Development in various sectors found Carbon Fiber Unidirectional (UD) Tapes to be a better and more viable option but due to its high cost, Carbon Fiber Unidirectional (UD) Tapes are often avoided and its potential hindered. Carbon fiber for automobiles costs $10 to $12 a pound, but steel costs less than a cent. That's dropped from $35 a pound a decade ago, but it has to drop to around $5 or $6 a pound to achieve broad acceptance. Carbon Fiber is a composite of multiple materials which include Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), Rayon, Pitch etc. Once the resin fiber is created from these composite materials, these fibers undergo treatment under chemicals, immense heat and pressure. The raw materials prove to be expensive and it takes a considerable amount of energy to reinforce these fibers with carbon atoms. Due to these factors, Carbon Fibers turn out to be far more expensive than other fibers. 

Unidirectional Tapes Market Landscape

Technology launches, acquisitions, and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the Unidirectional Tapes Market. In the Unidirectional Tapes market, the major key players include:

  1. Cytec Solvay Group
  2. SABIC
  3. Teijin Ltd.
  4. Hexcel Corporation
  5. Evonik Industries
  6. Royal TenCate N.V.
  7. BASF SE
  8. Celanese Corporation
  9. Axiom Materials Inc.
  10. Barrday Corporation, and others.

Acquisitions/Technology Launches 

  • In January 2023, Victrex plc. unveiled the approval of its new unidirectional tape (UDT) - VICTREX AETM 250-AS4 - by the National Centre for Advanced Materials Performance (NCAMP) for aerospace industry use. This tape combines HexTow carbon fiber with Victrex plc's innovative thermoplastic resin technology, creating composite materials that reduce energy consumption, aircraft weight, and enhance aircraft durability.

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1. Unidirectional Tapes Market- Market Overview 
    1.1 Definitions and Scope 
2. Unidirectional Tapes Market - Executive Summary 
    2.1 Key Trends by Resin 
    2.2 Key Trends by Fiber 
    2.3 Key Trends by End-Use Industry 
    2.4 Key Trends by Geography 
3. Unidirectional Tapes Market – Comparative analysis 
    3.1 Market Share Analysis- Major Companies 
    3.2 Product Benchmarking- Major Companies 
    3.3 Top 5 Financials Analysis 
    3.4 Patent Analysis- Major Companies 
    3.5 Pricing Analysis (ASPs will be provided) 
4. Unidirectional Tapes Market - Startup companies Scenario Premium 
    4.1 Major startup company analysis: 
        4.1.1 Investment 
        4.1.2 Revenue 
        4.1.3 Product portfolio 
        4.1.4 Venture Capital and Funding Scenario 
5. Unidirectional Tapes Market – Industry Market Entry Scenario Premium 
    5.1 Regulatory Framework Overview 
    5.2 New Business and Ease of Doing Business Index 
    5.3 Successful Venture Profiles 
    5.4 Customer Analysis – Major companies 
6. Unidirectional Tapes Market - Market Forces 
    6.1 Market Drivers 
    6.2 Market Constraints 
    6.3 Porters Five Force Model 
        6.3.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 
        6.3.2 Bargaining Powers of Buyers 
        6.3.3 Threat of New Entrants 
        6.3.4 Competitive Rivalry 
        6.3.5 Threat of Substitutes 
7. Unidirectional Tapes Market – Strategic Analysis 
    7.1 Value/Supply Chain Analysis 
    7.2 Opportunity Analysis 
    7.3 Product/Market Life Cycle 
    7.4 Distributor Analysis – Major Companies 
8. Unidirectional Tapes Market – By Resin (Market Size -$Million/Billion) 
    8.1 Thermoplastic UD Tapes 
    8.2 Thermoset UD Tapes 
9. Unidirectional Tapes Market – By Fiber (Market Size -$Million/Billion) 
    9.1 Carbon Fiber 
    9.2 Glass Fiber 
    9.3 Ceramic Fiber 
    9.4 Others 
10. Unidirectional Tapes Market – By End-Use Industry (Market Size -$Million/Billion) 
    10.1 Aerospace and Defense 
    10.2 Automotive & Transportation 
    10.3 Oil & Gas 
    10.4 Industrial 
    10.5 Others 
11. Unidirectional Tapes Market - By Geography (Market Size -$Million/Billion) 
    11.1 North America 
        11.1.1 USA 
        11.1.2 Canada 
        11.1.3 Mexico 
    11.2 Europe 
        11.2.1 UK 
        11.2.2 Germany 
        11.2.3 France 
        11.2.4 Italy 
        11.2.5 Netherlands 
        11.2.6 Spain 
        11.2.7 Russia 
        11.2.8 Belgium 
        11.2.9 Rest of Europe 
    11.3 Asia-Pacific 
        11.3.1 China 
        11.3.2 Japan 
        11.3.3 India 
        11.3.4 South Korea 
        11.3.5 Australia and New Zealand 
        11.3.6 Indonesia 
        11.3.7 Taiwan 
        11.3.8 Malaysia 
        11.3.9 Rest of APAC 
    11.4 South America 
        11.4.1 Brazil 
        11.4.2 Argentina 
        11.4.3 Colombia 
        11.4.4 Chile 
        11.4.5 Rest of South America[DK1]  
    11.5 Rest of the World 
        11.5.1 Middle East 
            11.5.1.1 Saudi Arabia 
            11.5.1.2 UAE 
            11.5.1.3 Israel 
            11.5.1.4 Rest of the Middle East 
        11.5.2 Africa 
            11.5.2.1 South Africa 
            11.5.2.2 Nigeria 
            11.5.2.3 Rest of Africa 
12. Unidirectional Tapes Market – Entropy 
    12.1 New Product Launches 
    12.2 M&As, Collaborations, JVs and Partnerships 
13. Unidirectional Tapes Market – Industry / Segment Competition landscape Premium 
    13.1 Company Benchmarking Matrix – Major Companies 
    13.2 Market Share at Global Level - Major companies 
    13.3 Market Share by Key Region - Major companies 
    13.4 Market Share by Key Country - Major companies 
    13.5 Market Share by Key Application - Major companies 
    13.6 Market Share by Key Product Type/Product category - Major companies 
14. Unidirectional Tapes Market – Key Company List by Country Premium 
15. Unidirectional Tapes Market Company Analysis - Business Overview, Product Portfolio, Financials, and Developments 

    15.1 SABIC 
    15.2 Solvay S.A. 
    15.3 SGL Group 
    15.4 Teijin ltd. 
    15.5 BASF SE 
    15.6 Cristex Composite Materials 
    15.7 Eurocarbon B.V. 
    15.8 TCR Composite 
    15.9 Barrday Inc.  
    15.10 Celanese Corporation and more 

LIST OF TABLES

1.Global Unidirectional Tapes Market By Resin Market 2023-2030 ($M)
1.1 Thermoplastic Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.1.1 Polyether Ether Ketone Market 2023-2030 ($M)
1.1.2 Polyamide Market 2023-2030 ($M)
1.2 Thermoset Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.2.1 Epoxy Market 2023-2030 ($M)
2.Global Unidirectional Tapes Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
2.1 Aerospace & Defense Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.2 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.3 Sports & Leisure Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Global Industry Research
3.Global Unidirectional Tapes Market By Resin Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
3.1 Thermoplastic Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
3.1.1 Polyether Ether Ketone Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
3.1.2 Polyamide Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
3.2 Thermoset Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
3.2.1 Epoxy Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
4.Global Unidirectional Tapes Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units)
4.1 Aerospace & Defense Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.2 Automotive Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.3 Sports & Leisure Market 2023-2030 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
5.North America Unidirectional Tapes Market By Resin Market 2023-2030 ($M)
5.1 Thermoplastic Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
5.1.1 Polyether Ether Ketone Market 2023-2030 ($M)
5.1.2 Polyamide Market 2023-2030 ($M)
5.2 Thermoset Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
5.2.1 Epoxy Market 2023-2030 ($M)
6.North America Unidirectional Tapes Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
6.1 Aerospace & Defense Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.2 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.3 Sports & Leisure Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.South America Unidirectional Tapes Market By Resin Market 2023-2030 ($M)
7.1 Thermoplastic Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.1.1 Polyether Ether Ketone Market 2023-2030 ($M)
7.1.2 Polyamide Market 2023-2030 ($M)
7.2 Thermoset Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.2.1 Epoxy Market 2023-2030 ($M)
8.South America Unidirectional Tapes Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
8.1 Aerospace & Defense Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.2 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.3 Sports & Leisure Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.Europe Unidirectional Tapes Market By Resin Market 2023-2030 ($M)
9.1 Thermoplastic Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.1.1 Polyether Ether Ketone Market 2023-2030 ($M)
9.1.2 Polyamide Market 2023-2030 ($M)
9.2 Thermoset Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.2.1 Epoxy Market 2023-2030 ($M)
10.Europe Unidirectional Tapes Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
10.1 Aerospace & Defense Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.2 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.3 Sports & Leisure Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.APAC Unidirectional Tapes Market By Resin Market 2023-2030 ($M)
11.1 Thermoplastic Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.1.1 Polyether Ether Ketone Market 2023-2030 ($M)
11.1.2 Polyamide Market 2023-2030 ($M)
11.2 Thermoset Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.2.1 Epoxy Market 2023-2030 ($M)
12.APAC Unidirectional Tapes Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
12.1 Aerospace & Defense Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.2 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.3 Sports & Leisure Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.MENA Unidirectional Tapes Market By Resin Market 2023-2030 ($M)
13.1 Thermoplastic Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.1.1 Polyether Ether Ketone Market 2023-2030 ($M)
13.1.2 Polyamide Market 2023-2030 ($M)
13.2 Thermoset Unidirectional Tapes Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.2.1 Epoxy Market 2023-2030 ($M)
14.MENA Unidirectional Tapes Market By End-Use Industry Market 2023-2030 ($M)
14.1 Aerospace & Defense Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.2 Automotive Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.3 Sports & Leisure Market 2023-2030 ($M) - Regional Industry Research

LIST OF FIGURES

1.US Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
2.Canada Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
3.Mexico Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
4.Brazil Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
5.Argentina Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
6.Peru Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
7.Colombia Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
8.Chile Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
9.Rest of South America Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
10.UK Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
11.Germany Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
12.France Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
13.Italy Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
14.Spain Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
15.Rest of Europe Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
16.China Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
17.India Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
18.Japan Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
19.South Korea Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
20.South Africa Unidirectional Tapes Market Revenue, 2023-2030 ($M)
21.North America Unidirectional Tapes By Application
22.South America Unidirectional Tapes By Application
23.Europe Unidirectional Tapes By Application
24.APAC Unidirectional Tapes By Application
25.MENA Unidirectional Tapes By Application
26.Evonik Industries, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
27.Sabic, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
28.Solvay, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
29.Hexcel Corporation, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
30.Royal Tencate, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
31.SGL Group, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
32.Teijin Limited, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
33.Celanese Corporation, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
34.BASF, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
35.Victrex, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
36.Additional Companies, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)